Macular Degeneration

What Is Macular Degeneration?

Macular degeneration affects the macula — the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision needed for reading, driving, and recognizing faces. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common form and is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in people over age 50 in the United States.

Dry vs. Wet AMD

• Dry AMD: The more common form, characterized by the gradual thinning of the macula and accumulation of small deposits called drusen beneath the retina. Vision loss tends to be slow and progressive. A severe form, called geographic atrophy, can cause significant central vision loss.
• Wet AMD: Less common but more aggressive. Abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina and can leak fluid or blood, causing rapid and severe central vision loss. Wet AMD requires prompt treatment.

Symptoms

• Blurred or distorted central vision
• Straight lines appearing wavy (metamorphopsia)
• A dark or empty area in the center of vision
• Difficulty reading or recognizing faces

Treatment

Dry AMD is managed with monitoring, lifestyle modifications, and in certain stages, AREDS2 nutritional supplements. Wet AMD is treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections, which have dramatically improved outcomes over the past two decades. Geographic atrophy now has FDA-approved treatment options as well. Regular follow-up is essential for all forms of AMD.